Government Current Event Essay

Being one of the future teachers of Texas, it is important for teachers/students as well as parent to understand what their children are learning in school. It is most especially important for the parents to participate with their children at home. But at the same time all states shouldn’t be the same when it comes to a lot of things, one of them being education. The Common Core Learning Standards/Common Core approach sets ambitious goals for math, reading and writing skills as children move through school. The Common Core has already been adapted to 45 states; Alaska, Texas, Nebraska, Virginia, and Minnesota are not included. This means that these 45 states are now spending a ton of money on new books, new teachers/staff/principals, and some are implementing intense trainings for current staff. Both teachers and staff are going through the pressure of having to be constantly watched and monitored to make sure they are meeting the scores, otherwise they will get fired. In chapter 3 of The Struggle for Democracy, federalism is the division and sharing of powers between the federal and state government. The topic of Common Core and how it’s getting implemented to the school is a state government issue. But having put more thought into the issue, this is actually in some way a federal government issue. Yes the state government votes â€Å"for the people† on whether certain states should even implement the program, but the federal government is the one that will be funding the actual program. Which is a perfect example of what it talks about in our reading of Chapter 3 in The Struggle for Democracy of how the U.S government is a central government; we share powers between the federal/states government. The Common Core issue must be settled with not only the states government but also the federal government. This is an important topic because, as a future teacher and a future mother, in some way it relates to all everyone. Our education and how it’s funded is so poor right now because the people just aren’t informed. We must get informed in order to get educated. I do believe in the quote â€Å"The children of today are the people of tomorrow.†

The Failure of New York State Bill AO 3001

The current New York State administration has proposed a bill, AO 3001, that would give the governor control over scholarships to nursing schools.   On its face, this idea seems to have some merit.   The state faces an overwhelming nursing shortage.   By the year 2010, New York State will have 20% fewer nurses than demanded by the capacity of its health care facilities. This shortage places everyone connected with these facilities at risk, not only patients and their families, but the health care staff as well.   With insufficient nurses available to oversee and to provide adequate care, nurses are forced to work longer shifts or extra shifts during the course of each pay period.   In addition, some care facilities find themselves replacing full-time nursing staff with either part-time or temporary nursing staff, or supplementing the available nursing care provided with nurses’ aides trained to take on lower level nursing tasks. In addition to the lack of available nursing staff, many of those nurses already employed by New York State are nearing retirement age.   With so many of the currently employed nurses and nurse educators nearing the ends of their careers, it is becoming even more imperative to bring new nurses into the system before these men and women leave it.   However, New York State Bill AO 3001 is not the manner in which to bring new nurses into the nursing field. According to its summary, the purpose AO 3001 is to provide scholarship and grant funding to individuals who study to enter the nursing profession.   These funds would be provided based on certain criteria and preferences specified in the bill.   Two of these items are similar to that of other awards, in that they call for evidence of academic merit and for evidence of financial need.   However, among other things, preference is given to individuals who have already obtained experience working in a healthcare setting and the â€Å"highest degree of preference† will be given â€Å"to recipients applying for second or subsequent years of funding† (Title VI, Section 2, subdivision 4-6). While some degree of selectivity must be given when allotting scholarships and grants to students, it is the provision that the Commissioner of Education will select between candidates should the number of candidates exceed the number of awards that causes some concern.   How will these awards be made and to what criteria?   Can we be certain that the criteria being used will be to the best interest of the nursing profession? In addition, the Commissioner can also decide where to assign the nurses who accept this funding.   According to Title VI, Section 2, subdivision 7, these nurses must work in a nursing capacity for 18 months or as nurse educators for three semesters at a minimum if they receive these funds, which is a reasonable requirement; however, the nurses must also agree to work in a facility that serves Medicaid beneficiaries or social services client, as well.   It is reasonable to expect nurses, or any scholarship recipient, to perform certain reasonable tasks to fulfill the requirements of a scholarship or grant.   Some teachers, for example, are forgiven their educational debts if they work in certain areas of the country. However, these teachers choose what areas of the country in which they will teach and with which population of students that they will fulfill the requirements of the agreement.   To limit new nurses to working for facilities in which they may not have access to the equipment and to the funds that will enable them to best use and improve upon the skills that they have attained in their education, particularly when this knowledge is fresh in their minds, will simply hurt their futures in the profession. Bringing new nurses into the profession is indeed a major problem facing New York State, as well as other areas of the country.   The true difficulty, however, lies with retention once these students have graduated.   Nurses face schedules that leave them sleep deprived and at risk for injuries.   Nurses are often asked to perform their jobs with substandard equipment or with insufficient funding. In many facilities, nurses still do not receive the respect that their positions as highly trained and educated members of the health care profession demand.   In addition to all of these things, nurses typically receive inadequate pay for the work that they do, even as they attempt to pay back expensive educational loans.   A far better solution to the nursing shortage would seem to be a two-pronged attack.   First, nurses should be paid at the value of their work to ensure that nurses do not leave the field in search of higher paid work.   Second, instead of restrictive scholarships and grants that send nurses to locations decided upon by the Commissioner, a solution similar to that provided for teachers should be offered.   Both solutions would leave the decision of who should be a nurse and where these nurses should practice in the hands of those best qualified to decide: nurses and other members of the health care profession. Reference New York State Assembly.   (2007).   New York State Bill AO 3001.   Retrieved 12 August 2007 from http://assembly.state.ny.us/leg/?bn=A03001

Equality and Inclusion in the Health and Social Care or Children and Young People Setting Essay

Diversity can be expained in many different ways, for example a â€Å"diverse work force† is when a work team has many differences in all different aspects, in example a work team which includes different races, ages, gender and interests. Equality is described in which all individuals arre treated equaly, equal oppurtunties plays a big part within the health and social care setting. Discrimination is when an individual is treated unfairly due to certain aspects, for example discriminated agaisnt because of age, race, sex, interests. Discrimination happens in all settings, social and formal. Within a work setting discrimination can come across in different ways, for example if a racist team leader had a team member of a different race always giving them harder or more uncomfortable jobs than the other team members can be classed as discrimination. Discrimination arises due to different reasons, whether it is a person may not like another, racism, sexism and jelousy can make people discriminate. Equal oppurtunities is a piece of legislation put in to place by the government to help ensure that discrimination does not occur within work settings, so for example when applying for a job you as the applicant should not have to disclose your religion and/or beleifs, medical information and other pieces of information until your have made it through to atleast the interveiw stage. Also if helps to ensure discrimination does not arise within the work places, for example that women and men are given the exact same rights and choices when involved within the work setting, also that age, race and sex do not influence people in making desicions. (outcomes 1. 1, 1. 2, 1. 3) The government put pieces of legislation in to place to ensure the health and safety of people within the work setting, the equal oppurtunities act was put in to place to ensure every one was treated equaly when withn the work setting. This applies to my job role in ways such as it can be a challenging job, and some service users can show aggressive violent challenging behaviour, so in the example the equal oppurtunities act helps make sure that sexism is not shown, for example, if a violent situation was to arise then the staffing team beleives that the female staff memebers are just as capable of dealing with the situation as the male staff members. There are ots of pieces of legislation in place to help in supporting staff members in all of the work sectors, for example there is the disability discrimination act, sex discrimination act, racial and religious hatred act and equality and diversity. All these pieces of legislation are put in to place to help people within all the work sectors and relate to every employee/employer in the country in every job role. Discrimination arises in a lot of work settings even though the government have implemented policies and procedures to be followed to help stop discrimination. Discrimination in a work setting should always be challenged and dealt with. For example within a racially diverse work team if racial discrimination was to arise then any member of the team who was aware of this should deal with it in the appropriate manner, in a lot of companies and organisations there will be a whistle blowing policy set in to place. Any member off staff that feels disctimination is going on within the work setting has a duty to report it and go through the whislte blowing procedures to ensure the safety of every staff member within the company or organisation. In doing so the situation will be dealt with through the approprisate policies and procedures leading to the problem being challenged and dealth with accordingly. ( Outcomes 2. 1, 2. 3) The government help to ensure that all information is accessible as and when needed, there are different government websites that can be accessed through the internet. Also the Citizens advice bureau is a government ran organisation that is there to give help and support to people with legal matters. Every company or organisation should have all of the policies and procedures set in to place ensuring that all staff can access them. For example some companies may have paper copies stored away on site, others may have electronic copies on a system made accessible to all staff members at any moment. Also most companies or organisations will ensure that each staff member has read through the policies and procedures before starting their job role. This is to ensure that all staff are up to dat with the latest policies and procedures and it helps to ensure staff have a full understanding of the companies rules and regulations put in to place.

Strategies set in place do not solve the drug problem around the world Research Paper

Strategies set in place do not solve the drug problem around the world - Research Paper Example There are several social and environmental factors why people start using drugs. Types of drugs consumed depend upon the price and accessibility of particular drugs. There are many other reasons that push the young people towards drug abuse like family tensions, peer pressure, poor school performance, low self-esteem, inadequate social skills, depression and so on. There are various drug policies all over the world to fight against this grave social problem. Most of the policies strive towards creating awareness of the evils of drug abuse. With the rapid change of lifestyle, growing competition among peers in educational and professional arenas, drug abuse is an ever increasing social malady. The governments’ efforts of creating strategies to cope with drug abuse have so far been essentially unsuccessful. This paper focuses on drug policies and their inadequacy among young generation. Drug policies To fight drug use, it is imperative that effective preventive strategies be imp lemented. Such strategies must cover all stages of life, from infancy to adulthood. Such strategies can keep the youth away from consumption of all kinds of drugs including alcohol. The Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (CSAP) has adopted six kinds of preventive measures. The first one is Information dissemination that is designed to create awareness about drugs and alter the youth’s perspective of alcohol, tobacco and other drugs. The second one is Preventive education that enables the youth to acquire personal and social skills for better health, and this keeps them away from drug use. The third one includes Alternative approaches that assume that young people who get engaged in drug-free activities with be benefited by those activities rather than through activities concerned with drugs. The fourth one is Problem identification and referral involves those youth who have already been addicts of drugs and have drug-related physical or emotional problems, and suggesting t o those youth regarding appropriate treatments. The fifth one is Community-based process that enhances resources in the communities, for instance, building training agencies to promote awareness through education. The sixth one includes Environmental approaches that build policies to increase protection measures and reduce risk factors of drug use (Promising Strategies to Reduce Substance Abuse, 2000, pp.1-2). Legal drugs like alcohol and tobacco, and illicit drugs like cocaine, heroin, marijuana have many harmful affects. Alcohol consumption can lead to road accidents, domestic violence and crime. Heavy drinking can cause chronic diseases like liver cirrhosis and brain damage. If pregnant women consume alcohol, then there is possibility of birth defects. Smoking tobacco is a major cause of breathing problems and cancer. Illicit drug use can cause road accidents, violent outbursts and crime. Then there is also the risk of getting affected by HIV/AIDS through unsafe injection of illi cit drugs. The goal of National Drug Strategy 2010-2015 is to reduce the social, economic and health problems that occur due to drug use. The three approaches adopted are demand reduction, supply reduction and harm reduction. By demand reduction strategy, prevention measures are taken to reduce the consumption of alcohol and other drugs in the community. It also guides people to recover from the addiction and return to normal life. By supply reduction strateg

Week 2 discussion 2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Week 2 discussion 2 - Assignment Example The data above is based on the NASDAQ composite index which represents the overall performance of the stock market in the period of ten years from year 2004 to the end of year 2013. From the data, the changes in the composite index in the 12 months trading have been summarized yearly from the different securities traded. The difference between the opening trading composite index and the closing composite index gives the gain or loss during the trading financial year. From this the percentage amount of gain or loss is derived. Stock market index is very important in many ways as it is used to gauge the economic conditions of a give economy. A worse composite index could mean that the economy is going through recession while a pleasing composite index shows that the economy is doing well. This is because the index comprises of all listed companies and their returns in the securities exchange mainly shows the potential investments from both local and foreign investors in the country. From the data, year 2009 was the best performing year in the ten year period with a percentage return of 43.89%, followed by year 2013 with a percentage return of 38.32%. The great investment returns in the stock market could have resulted from better economic conditions in America’s economy and wide interest from both external and internal investors in the NASDAQ securities exchange. More incentives offered in investing in the stock exchenge like elimination of capital gains tax and investors getting double digits in the stock market could also be a driver in having more returns in the stock market. The worst performing year from the data was in year 2008 with a negative loss in the NASDAQ stock exchange of -40.54%. Worse economic conditions in the United States followed by the general elections in the year can be a big explanation to the stock market performance. This

U07d1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

U07d1 - Essay Example This paper highlights that when a person is in condition as bad as this, they tend to be more trusting and willing to take up any help that they are provided. Also with the old age, people tend to trust what others say and take the time out to listen to others. Imagine if the same thing were to happen to a younger person, firstly, they would not let the strangers inside the house secondly, the doubt would always be present and a youngster would prefer to call in to home repair stores than to trust two men who just walk in. From this study it is clear that the level of trusting and the patience to listen to strangers; increases in several people as they grow old. In the case of Mrs. White, she has been alone for nine years knowing that she needs to get something done about the home repairs however has not had the courage to call some to assist here. In this state, she might feel the helplessness and would prefer to go with anything that is easily available. Hence she was easily persuaded into paying them $12,000 and trusting to strangers without any form of verification. Organisations like the American Association of Retired Persons (AARP), assist individuals with many things which include, health, money, leisure, family and even social lifestyle and issues like the one faced by Mrs. White. The organisation provides the people with support and care. AARP assists the elderly with several different aspects of life to avoid them feeling low and being dependent on others. Financially, the organisation provi des the elderly with advice and also how to safeguard their money. In the case of Mrs. White, if she had opted to take the assistance of the organisation, she would not have lost the $12,000 and would not go through the trauma of having her house ripped out the way it had been.  

International business in the globalization process Essay

International business in the globalization process - Essay Example This means that these global giants are ready to look after the societal aspects since they have understood how things work within their own respective areas. An example of such a global giant is Shell which has earmarked corporate social responsibility campaigns within the fields of education and empowerment to the small business owners all over the world (Daniels, Radebaugh, Sullivan, 2011). The less than responsible businesses could be given food for thought since these global giants are playing big within the corporate social responsibility realms and ask for encouragement within their own ranks. They could find new ways and means to go out there and bring about a significant difference within the lives of the people, just like the global giants that have invested heavily within the corporate social responsibility undertakings. In essence, the role played by the major businesses in this day and age is of tremendous influence and should be treated as such because this embodies the basis of a significant change in the times to follow. References Daniels, Radebaugh, Sullivan., 2011. International Business Environments and Operations, Prentice Hall.

Eric Foner A short history of reconstruction Essay

Eric Foner A short history of reconstruction - Essay Example Presidential Reconstruction is a short period of presidency from 1863 to 1866 of both Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson. In an attempt to unify the nation, political activity of the presidents was strongly opposed by the Radical Republicans. Even though Johnson was in favor of anti-slavery politics, he vetoed the punitive legislation against southern planters. Officially he was against slavery and, at the same time, in reality was in favor of rich plantation owners of the South. And, already in 1866 the Radical Republicans gained power and begun Congressional Reconstruction. Having analyzed politics in Washington, D.C., it should be noted that emancipation proclamation as well as anti-slavery laws were not an easy decisions to take, because it was people’s wealth, country’s economy, political power and many others important issues which were put at stake. Furthermore, emancipation did not go smoothly and painlessly. The rich plantation owners were neither ready, nor willing to let their free workforce go. And war, which began, was â€Å"the midwife of revolution† (Foner 2). As the author has noted, the proclamation was just official document in support of the revolutionary movement which had begun much earlier. Despite all the difficulties and controversies, slavery finally ended while Confederacy was defeated. The meaning of the word ‘freedom’ began to gain its new shade for Americans regaining its true position in society purified by Civil War events. Only by the end of 1870s the Reconstruction did provide freed slaves with some rights under the law which had been signed much earlier. Yet, the years of Reconstruction can be considered as a new starting point of new and right democracy, which has been destined to fight its way through until present days. Not only was Reconstruction one of the most

Reverse Logistics Operations in the Ford Motor Co Research Paper

Reverse Logistics Operations in the Ford Motor Co - Research Paper Example Ford has always been credited with the manufacturing invention. Scone its founding in the late 19th century, the firms has been in the forefront of defining mass production. The founder of Ford, Henry Ford is credited to have been the inventor of the assembly line. With its over a hundred years in manufacturing automobiles and auto parts, Ford has come to know the importance of having a smooth supply chain and the logistics that goes into sustaining this supply chain. It is not just its supply chain; it is also about its reverse logistics which refers to the products or parts travelling backwards from the normal direction of the supply chain to the manufacturer. Reverse logistics has a impact on a business. For instance, some finished products may reach the market but have a default, the reverse logistics that are required to return these products to the factory for the correction of the fault are always important. Ford realizes that there is a need to carefully and efficiently manage these reverse logistics. No matter what, the reverse logistics associated with the return of faulty products are an expense to any firms (Davis, 2012). Automobile manufacturers stand to incur an even bigger loss with such reverse logistics. Many auto manufacturers have in the past found themselves in the situation where they need to reverse the logistics for a large number of logistics. For instance, the Japanese auto manufacturer has in the past needed to recall millions of cars after they have reached the market and a major fault is detected. For instance, there has been one of the cars from Toyota that had a fault with its acceleration and the fault had to be corrected back at their factories. Such reverse logistics cost the firm a lot of millions. Ford realizes that such reverse logistics need to be managed in a serious way and should not be treated as a secondary logistics. They realize that

Charity Giving Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Charity Giving - Essay Example Any person with high values and cultural values will provide high donation as per his or her financial status. Some may do charity for the help of the society by giving blood and donating the body organs in order to help others. This is done by the people due to their own moral values. The regularity of charity whether financial or in other forms depends largely on the person and his or her values in life. None of the charitable organisations can influence them as they are guided by their own ideas and views. A few people refer charitable giving as a personal value which is incorporated in the individual from the beginning of his/her life by the parents. The importance of finance and the gesture to help others in need are the values, which influence the charitable actions of the people. These values are incorporated among the people from the childhood (Duncan, 1999). No charitable institutions, advertisements and marketing strategies can influence the people. Charity depends on the p eople and it depends on the personal freedom and rights of the people to whether they want to do charity or not. Charity can be in money and also in kind. Personal values influence to a considerable extent the charitable action of the people. However, not only the values but also the demographic factors, such as the age of the person, wealth, gender and education contribute towards charitable behaviour. Strong personal values along with moral values have a high degree of influence charitable giving.

The Dispositional and Learning Theories Essay Example for Free

The Dispositional and Learning Theories Essay An individual’s personality is his/her distinctive pattern behavioral tendencies or psychological process that defines how he/she reacts with the environment. Personality manifests itself in one’s behavior towards others people and situations in the surrounding. While some aspects of personality are genetically inherited, others are picked from one’s environment. Personality that is influenced by the environment is developed by the context of the family or culture of the close society (Carver et al, 2000). Psychologists who study personality characterize personality traits and scrutinize their influence on and prediction of one’s behaviors. In addition to comparing and contrasting dispositional and learning theories of personality, this paper discusses the role of personality in influencing one’s behavior. The personality theories of disposition and learning and the resultant characteristics are used to explain interpersonal relations in individual. The Dispositional and Learning Theories Psychologists have developed many approaches to human personalities such as existential, humanistic, biological, or genetic, descriptive, and psychodynamic theories. The dispositional theory that regards personality to be composed of behavioral tendencies, traces its roots to ancient Greek Philosopher, medicine guru, and psychologist Hypocrites. The dispositional theory explains that psychological characteristics remain stable in an individual over a long period of exposure to a given situation. Learning theories stresses the concept that behaviors are a consequence of one’s encounters with the environment and his/her reactions to different life experiences. An individual’s experiences shape his/her behavior in different situations. The classical conditioning and punishment one receives while growing up tend to shape the way they react to similar or related scenarios in future. The learning theory may be divided into a sub-class called the Cognitive social learning that expounds on the role of cultural values and related ways of facing situations borrowed from the society. The traits are learned and internalized without any pressure applied to an individual. Personality Characteristics and Interpersonal Relationship The theories discussed above explain the origin of certain traits or characteristics upon which one’s personality is based. These traits are vital in dictating the interpersonal relationships of a person. The main characteristics include emotional stability, conscientiousness, agreeableness, extroversion, and openness or intellect. Extraversion entails being assertive, excitement seeking and state of seeking high levels of activity. The individual is always filled with positive emotions and warmth. Agreeable persons are always straightforward in their actions and are generally trustworthy. They also profess to altruism, carrying out acts that are beneficial to others while the actor forgoes comfort and happiness. These individuals are not only yielding but are also more likely to agree to other’s desire and demands. In addition, they are modest in their actions towards others and different situations. Conscientiousness on the other hand refers to positive traits such as self-discipline and dutifulness in an individual. This trait is mainly explained by the learning theory where discipline is instilled in a person by a learning process. Such people are in most cases orderly in their handling of different situations, making them develop healthy interpersonal relationships. Those with this trait tend to deliberate a lot when faced with new situations and they always strive for achievements (Carver et al, 2000). In addition to these features, such individuals are in most cases competent in their actions. Neuroticism is another characteristic attributed to the personality theories. Neuroticism refers to impulsiveness in actions, anxiety, and vulnerability of an individual. Besides being generally hostile, the person is always prone to depression when faced with unfamiliar situations. Exposure to environments of depression or cruelty enhances one’s risks of adopting such traits. Neuroticism is thus attributed to dispositional theory of personality. Openness refers to being welcoming and accommodative to new ideas, feelings and values. Such an individual easily welcomes new types of experience in his/her life. Their personality traits allow them to adjust and effectively manage unfamiliar situations. These individuals learn pick up new modes of action necessitated by interaction with new environments. Openness, which fosters good interpersonal relations, is attributed to dispositional theory of personality. Personality and Situational Behavior Debate rages on whether one’s behavior towards certain situations is controlled by the personality or the situation itself. The debate has however been productive, as an approach that is more dynamic has been adopted regarding the role of personality in facing different situations. The two approaches widely contrasted are the personality view and the situational circumstance. While the personality approach argues that one’s personality styles dictate the behavior, the situational theory stresses that behavior depends on the immediate situation. Are there situations where one’s personality surpasses the immediate situation so that he/she make rational judgment on the situation? Individuals should apply their personality to control situations and not the other way round. A person’s conduct towards a situation should not be controlled by the situation at hand. The main psychological variables upon which one’s behavior in different situations hinges are personality traits. An individual’s behavior in face of a situation is predicted by his/her personality (Carver et al, 2000). One’s behavior is influenced by the interaction between his/her personality traits and the immediate situations. However simplistic this view seems, there is always a mutual existence between the situation, and one’s personality in developing a behavioral inclination. Different situations may affect an individual in different ways. While some situations make an individual to express his/her personality traits, others limit their choices or behavior in relating with the situation. People also vary in how they allow their personality to react to different situations. While others have a high tendency to adapt to the situation, others have a consistent personality-situation relationship. This dependency on their personality is due to their inability to adapt to different situations. Personality also most often show up in situation where they are needed to help solve a problem. People also tend choose situations depending on their personalities. Personality however does not predict how one will react to a specific situation that lasts for a short/specific time. Personality therefore only predicts one’s general or overall behavioral trend towards general situations. Some individuals show behavior that is more consistent and their personality traits only emerge in some situations. Research has also shown that the influence of personality on handling of situations wanes with time. Whatever people do in life and the situations they are comfortable with are dictated largely by their traits. These choices may be in relation to careers, relationships, and lifestyle in general. Conclusion Personality, which refers to the psychological classification of people results from the different traits/characteristics inherent in individual. Among the theories that explain personality are the dispositional and the learning theories. These theories explain how individuals interact with different situations in their environment. While some people use judgment to interact with the environment, others use the approach of perception in developing a behavior towards situations. There are various characteristics attributed to these personality theories, namely emotional stability, conscientiousness, agreeableness, extroversion, and openness or intellect. Reference Carver, C. S. , Scheier, M. F. (2000). Perspectives on personality. Needham Heights

Advantages and disadvantages of fertiliser Essay Example for Free

Advantages and disadvantages of fertiliser Essay If this is true then there could be that a farmer comes along and that he lives in an area were there is a lot of rain. The thing is your fertilizer doesnt work in rain at all because it is only designed for the light. So you have to do the half the product again so it works at its best for both products. There could also be a problem with miss calculations with the amounts of nutrients needed. You could also have the problem with people trying to copy your product so what you do is that you put a patent on it making you perfectly sure that your idea wont be stolen. When planted in the ground, the roots of a plant will take up water and in the water you will also find dissolved molecules of fertilizer. These molecules are used as building blocks to create plant tissue, flowers, fruits, and even foodstuffs for the plants themselves. A potato for example is a storage of plant energy (carbohydrates) which the plant has created from air, water, and fertilizer (molecules) using the sun as an energy source. The fertilizer can end up in the ground in one of two ways: 1) Either animals have left their waste (manure) which rots, or plant materials have died (cut grass, fallen leaves, etc). As these plant materials, or the manures, decompose fertilizer molecules are released. For example, manure, orange peel, corn trash, dead flowers all contain fertilizer molecules which can become available to other plants (recycled) by the microbes in the soil. 2) A garden may manually add synthetic fertilizer (e. g. man-made fertilizer) to the plants. When the fertilizer comes in contact with water, the materials dissolve and the fertilizer molecules are released. This process does not require microbes to break down the waste material like in the example above, so it often acts faster. So what is the advantages and disadvantages of fertilizers ? Most plants, especially modern varieties, will pull more fertilizer molecules out of the ground than what is naturally re supplied. In a forest, the decomposing leaves and bark will feed the soil and give ferns (growing below the trees) enough fertilizer to live on. However, in a garden where you grow vegetables or flowers, these plants typically consume large quantities of fertilizer.. higher amounts than nature can naturally re supply. in order for the plants to grow properly, they need the right amount of fertilizer available in the soil. If there is too little, growth may be stunted and flowers and fruits may not develop properly. The plants become susceptible to attack by insects and disease. A plant which is fed well is often able to survive better. This is the same with humans: people who are starving is often plagued by disease compared to people who get all the nutrients they need. Therefore the gardener must manually fertilize the plants to ensure they have enough food to grow on. Plants which are fertilized often are bigger, stronger and produce more fruits and flowers than plants which are not fertilized. Fertilized plants are generally often also more disease resistant than unfed plants. There really is no disadvantages to fertilizing, and most home owners should fertilize plants such as vegetables, fruits and flowers because these presumably modern hybrids tend to consume much more fertilizer than nature can provide.. This also goes for lawns, for example, which has individual grass plants growing very close together much closer than grass plants would in nature and therefore have to compete with each other for nutrients. However, if you give TOO MUCH fertilizer the plants can suffer just as they would if they get too little. For example, both magnesium and calcium molecules are needed by the plants, but given too much calcium, for example, can interfere with the plants ability to take up magnesium and the other way around, too. If you add fertilizer to certain plants when the soil is dry or the temperature is very hot, you also risk damaging the plants. While there are no specific disadvantages to fertilizing if doing it correctly, you do need to know approximately which type of fertilizer (which nutrients) the plant require, how much to add, and when to add it. It also needs to be watered in to avoid that the plant dies from thirst (plants which grow in fertilizer rich soil without water will cause water to exit the plants and kill them) There could again say why use fertilizer when you already have dung.

Motivation factors of the Workplace in Thailand

Motivation factors of the Workplace in Thailand This proposal paper will attempt to discuss the view and application of what effects motivation has in the low hierarchical or flat organisation workplaces for the firms or companies doing business in Thailand; small organisations that have less than 50 staffs fit this description. What are the factors that motivate the employee to succeed, is it money, job promotions, perks? Once the findings have been reached, would they be able to apply to similar organisations? With todays fragile economic situations along with fierce competitions in virtually all market places, small size companies need to be able to compete and respond to the ever-changing environment in a much faster pace. To be able to compete effectively, companies need to cut through Red Tapes or bypassing unnecessary bureaucracy and adapt quickly to the ever-changing surroundings in the business environment. In Thailand, there are no differences when it comes to compete and compete fiercely they do. The aim of this proposal is to focus its findings especially on small multinational companies doing business in Thailand. The reason being that multinational companies who are conducting business in Thailand, similar to their subsidiaries in other countries, would like to see their returns on investment and realize their profits on a yearly basis and expecting growth every single year followings. Efficiency is one of the keys for multinational companies to compete effectively. This propo sal will also address how motivation theories are being used to in these organizations where vertical promotions are virtual non-existence. No corporate ladders to climb for most employees. If this fact does not exist, then what motivate employees? The study will focus on the research theories based on Herzbergs Motivation Theory that he and his colleagues wrote about motivation 50 years ago. The study will attempt to design questionnaires to address the question on Hygiene factors as well as the others motivation factors which will be hypothesized on their actual application in the work place in Thailand. One of the hypotheses will focus on monetary compensation factor that it is or it is not the major influence in motivation for such a flat or low level hierarchy organizations [Prendergast, 2002]. This study will be based in Thailand small size multinational companies where there are approximately three levels of the hierarchy and there are less than 50 people working full time. For the purpose of the study, 5 multinational companies will be chosen. Main criteria are: the firm needs to be a  multinational company; they employ less than 50 staff, and that they have no more than three functioning levels in the hierarchy for five years. Moreover, 95% of the employees must be Thai nationals. To solidify the study, companies need to be operating in Thailand for no less than 5 years and that the organisational structure must fit the criteria of equal to or less than three levels. Major objective Productivity, profitability, efficiency are just some of the key drivers that companies are expecting from their oversea staffs and enforce them firmly in order to survive. To be productive and efficient for small size multinational organisations, flatter and less hierarchical levels have been adopted. It cuts down decisions times and increases more action time which suits the small multinational companies profiles. However, this efficiency also has its drawbacks when it comes to job promotion or others traditional motivational factors. With flatter organisation, there are fewer ladders for employees to climb. Which posts another question that job promotion is a major key to motivating people in any organisation? The findings based on this study will help answer some of the questions General Managers, Human Resources Managers or just plain manager/supervisors in many small size multinational companies in Thailand. With that benefit in mind, managers will be able to manage their personnel more effectively, properly and with something to reference with. The findings, however, may offer other benefits to other organisations that themselves are a part of a large organisation that job promotion within the organisation is limited or do not exist; they can apply the findings to their own environment. Further, a large size companies whose hierarchical are quite limited and/or job promotion are scarce, the findings based on this proposed study could benefit the management in those organisations as well. Many managers are seeking the answers to the question of How to keep people motivated in today organisation where good effective people are hard to find and retain. To both apply the motivation at the same time seeking retention, are one of the human resource organisation goals. To get some of these answers, questionnaires based on the Employee Satisfaction Survey (ESS) will be used. This survey is being used by many firms. However, there are many version of ESS. The ESS was first documented by The National Business Research Institute or NBRI [NBRI, 1982]. It is used to gauge the satisfaction of the job of the employee has with the current company, compensation, recognition, relationship, environment, etc [Prendergast, 2002]. The questionnaires in this study will be designed to cover many areas in the organization as possible in an attempt to derive at the answers about what caused motivation and the effect it has to the organization. How would the managers in similar organizations b enefit from the findings? The answer lies in the fact that there are many similar structure of organization although do not engaging in the same business as the firm chosen, however, with the background of the Thai people in this study, the author wish that it can be applied beginning with the people in Thailand. Another objective of this study is to touch on the fact that organisation needs people who are dedicated, intelligence, diligence and productive to grow the company. Is he or she possessing the right backgrounds, has the right educations, does he or she has the proper attitude toward the company, the workplace and the culture? Of course, brief interview with any potential candidate for any job cannot determine the candidate is the right for the job. Job probation concept was designed to filter out the wrong choice employees. Although it is not in the scope of this proposed research, the fact remains that you need to motivate these people first and try to retain the ones the firms want to keep; hoping that might be able to somehow bring those qualities out of the potential candidates [Herzberg, 1987]. Objective The study in this paper will be utilising part of Frederick Herzberg the Hygiene Factor Theory of Motivation as part of the design of the questionnaire. The Survey questions (see sample in Appendix I) are specifically designed to fit the size of the organization and to reflect the needs to find out on whether or not the employees are satisfied with their jobs in general and will also use the results to derive what are the motivation factors the employees in the small, low hierarchical organizations have in common. This will also present an opportunity if the findings can also be applied to other similar in the requirements organisations. Further, based upon the Hygiene Factor of Herzberg motivational theory, the findings will also either to reinforce or challenge his theory? With the results obtained, although limited in size proposed at presence, it does not mean that the study cannot be extended to further the study in the future. The assumption is that mainly the Motivation is the Independent variable. With the right kind of motivation applied, productivities increase. The job itself or the results, the growth of the company becomes Dependent variable. Limitations of the Research This research proposal is focused on small size, multinational companies who has approximately three levels in the current organisation that must be in functioning order for the last 5 years. The sample size is also a limitation of this study since the proposed study call for small size companies that has approximately 50 employees or less. This proposal is also limit to five companies. The total number of employees is 250 employees in approximation. Due to the fact that some of the nature of the companies chosen which contained field personnel who might not be available for the time of the questionnaires is being distributed, hard copies will be used in combination with emails to the individuals. The consolidation of the data will be collected after two weeks of distribution and will be using SPSS Regression method to help calculate the results in a quantitative presentation. In order to get the individuals of these companies cooperate with the study, a formal letter will be written and addressed to the General Managers and/or Human Resources Managers of each firms asking permission to conduct a survey for the research study on what motivation has on their employees. The results of the findings will be made available for the management of the firms to conduct further studies if chosen. Significance of the study The study is design to study what motivation factors employees have in the low hierarchical organization taking into consideration that there are virtually a lesser amount of corporate ladders to climb, in the traditional sense, comparing to the organizations of old. There are numbers of similar size of these companies conducting their businesses in Thailand and more so in the neighboring countries that may benefits from this paper once the findings are presented. In addition to the lesser levels in the current organizations, there are other factors that companies need to prepare themselves in competing equally with others. Companies of this size pride themselves to be lean and effective organizations; also the nature of the multinational companies forces them to be extra efficient while conducting business in other countries. Returns on Investment (ROI) are always on the Senior Management minds, motivating people caused them to be productive, hence generate more profits. One of the requirements that 95% of the employees in each companies need to be Thai nationals, this will present clearer pictures of the motivation factors. One of the assumptions that one of more of the management of these firms is expatriates running the businesses in Thailand. However, due to the limitation of the study that the proposal called for five companies to be conducted, expatriates managers for these firms are not required. Even though this fact will help see the contrast when comparing to Thai nationals management team, this is not a major requirements in this study. Educational backgrounds of the individual employees are not the major factors since some of these firms possess field personnel. However, this is significant since the employees at this level have even less corporate ladders to climb, hence, job promotions with title and responsibilities may not be adequately suit their culture norms for Thai workers. The study will then attempt to focus also that the monetary reward s which will be part of the questionnaires used in the surveys. Once concluded, the findings will be made available to the firms that give permission to conduct the study so they may benefits from the findings. In most of the multinational companies should already have some sort of employee study surveys, however, the one directly related to what effect motivation has to the employees in the low hierarchical organizations may be scarce. Literature Review The paper used in this study was written by Nigel Bassett-Jones, Oxford Brookes Business School, Oxford, UK and Geoffrey C. Lloyd, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Sri Lanka. The paper was published in the Journal of Management Development in 2005. The paper seeks to examine the issue of Herzbergs two-factor motivation theory which will be used as reference theory in this paper. The paper referred to the challenges in today organisation factors such as downsizing led ways to focus on employee empowerment [Bassett-Jones et. al, 2005]. Bassett-Joness paper raised the question about the problem to motivate people to contribute ideas within the context of work-based suggestion schemes [Bassett-Jones et. al, 2005]. With companies experiencing overwhelming changes after World War II, hence the introduction of globalisation and technological development has prompted the innovation in technology and plethora of new ideas [Ilinitch et. al, 1996]. Parolinis work in 1999 has also been cited by Bassett-Jones [2005] that these ongoing progress prompted workforces to continue to improve products, systems and processes to compete fairly. To support Herzbergs view in financial rewards can be viewed negatively, citation by Hiltrop (1995) was used to stress that psychological contract by employers hinders employment continuity and opportunities for career progression [Bassett-Jones, et. al, 2005]. This finding by Hiltrop (1995) will be used as part of the study in this paper to determine whether or not monetary rewards are not the motivation factor in the low hierarchical organisation in Thailand. This paper based on the survey results obtained, study the statement made in Bassett-Jones (2005) paper cited Hiltrop (1995) that based on their contentious proposition, money does not motivate [Bassett-Jones et. al, 2005]. Bassett-Joness [Bassett-Jones, et. al, 2005] also cited Taylorism in their paper that basically people are lazy and work-shy and stimulation to motivate them comes externally. The authors also cited Hawthorn findings that people are motivate to work well for its own sake, as well as for the social and monetary benefits they received, and this is internally stimulated [Bassett-Jones, et. al, 2005]. In this paper will also use these two findings as based to study further to conclude its findings. Many theorists had been cited by Bassett-Jones in her paper such as McClelland, Locke, Vroom, and Alderfer. Unfortunately, this paper will omit their findings due to the constrained of this paper and its scopes. This paper will use some of Peter and Waterman (1982) work on empowerment and team work as part of the proof of this paper. Bassett-Jones (2005) cited that expectancy theory as well as equity, goal setting and reinforcement resulted in the development of a simple model of motivation al ignment [Locke, 1978]. Important suggestions that once identified and objectives are defined, rewards can be determined next to both serve the organization objectives and satisfied employees [Bassett-Jones et. al, 2005]. On the other hand Herzberg axiom stated that inadequate financial reward can demotivate and money [Behling et. al, 1968] is yet another hygiene factor that could cause dissatisfaction [Herzberg et. al, 1959]. To stress this point further, Herzberg (1959) stated that an improvement in one or more of a range of factors including pay, supervision and prospects for promotion would result in a move towards increased satisfaction, whilst a deterioration would prompt a move in the opposite direction; dissatisfaction was a result of an absence of factors giving rise to satisfaction [Bassett-Jones et. al, 2005]. Sense of achievement, recognition and work itself will be the key focus. Bassett-Jones (2005) wrote that Herzberg suggested that motivation is like self-charging battery and that employees become motivated themselves. Energy or desire must come from within and that motivation, by Herzberg definition, is internally generated not externally stimulated by incentives [Prendergast, 2002]. Most importantly the statement suggested that individuals do not require incremental incentives to drive the internal engine [Prendergast, 2002]. Critical success factors came from and integration of training, appraisal system, promotion and redundancy policies [Bassett-Jones et. al, 2005]. Bassett-Jones (2005) paper concluded that with Herzberg research result, whilst repetition produces frustration and alienation, it can also induce insight and understanding. These results from the research can used to curve the retention and skill dilution and use to improve morale and increase employee voice in the organization. The authors also cited the economy factors as well as socio-psychological perspective to human relations on cultural based and should be understood by management and unfortunately cannot be shared with the people at the bottom of the organization hierarchy [Bassett-Jones et. al, 2005]. This paper also demonstrated that motivators associated with intrinsic drivers outweigh movers linked to financial inducement. Finally the question is raised that whether employee need for recognition has become a hygiene factor in the contemporary employment contest? [Bassett-Jones et. al, 2005] Authors answer is while some inducements can move some employees to contribute id eas; the numbers involved are significantly less than those who are motivated by a desire to overcome frustration and contribute to organizational success. The organization needs to aspire to generate high commitment culture is likely to prove elusive without Taylorist paradigm persistence. In addition, systems and processes that enable employees to work together to define problems and overcome frustrations will resulted in great organization [Bassett-Jones et. al, 2005]. Independent Variable The independent in this study is Motivation. Motivation, as described by Robbins and Judge (2009), is The process that account for an individuals intensity, direction, and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal. To use this description in this study for small, multinational firms conducting businesses in Thailand where the organisational structures are quite flat, virtually no room for vertical promotion upward for employees. So to apply motivation by asking the employees to climb the corporate ladders is out of the equation entirely. The study will turn the focus upon an individual intensity of how to focus the individual is about his or her career direction. The persistence to stay with the objectives to attain the set goal will also be part of the study to find the motivation factors [Locke, 1978]. Dependent variables The work itself and the effectiveness of the workplace will be the dependent variables study toward the conclusion of this study based on the theory related to the study, what motivation technique the author may suggest for management to use in their firms. The effectiveness of work itself can be further compare the effectiveness within the group or individual (Robbins and Judge, 2009). What criteria used to define the level of the effectiveness in the workplace? Based upon effectiveness in a group, certain decision must be made. Obvious decision made would be group decision, the following question is that how could we gauge it accuracy in the decision made by the group. Would it lead to successfully completing the tasks on hand? To be effective, should the group be focus more on faster respond to any changes in the environment would this in itself one of the motivation factors? Would an individual decision making in the small firm studied be widely used instead of group decision? F urther, would group decision lead to creativity, perhaps yes since there are many others with ideas and if goals of organization are the ultimate goal [Locke, 1978]. With these dependents in mind, the study can draw a final framework based on the suggestions and nature of the findings based on the study. The main question that will be focus upon still be the question that what are the motivation factors of the people in the low hierarchical organization? Any attempts made by the management to help motivate their people? The findings hopefully will benefits some of these questions. If they chose to implement them, are there other effective tools or methods to use, perhaps. Would similar structure type organization would benefits from this endeavor, may be. Theory related to Independent Variable There are many theories of Motivation; the author will focus using the Herzberg Motivation Theory and will also mention the Hygiene factors that may cause the dissatisfaction in the job itself, hence lead to employee dissatisfaction or de-motivation (Herzberg et. al, 1959) factors as the base theory to study this subject firm of a small retail market audit in Thailand. Figure 1. Based on Employee Satisfaction Survey (ESS), questionnaires will be designed based generally on this with a major focus to tailor to try to answer the question about motivation in such environment with the requirement in these firms. Factors mentioned in Herzbergs will be tailored to be the major part of the questionnaires; factors such as Company Policy, Supervision, work conditions [Stead, 1972], salary [Behling et. al, 1968], relationship with Boss [Brown, 1976] and peers alike are the key focus areas that the survey questionnaires were designed to focus on these factors. This by far represent only one side of the concepts by Herzberg, others such as Job Satisfactions, Recognition, Achievement, Advancement, Responsibility and job itself will also be tailored in the questionnaires. That raised yet another question, that for companies this size, would this be the motivation factors are used correctly or incorrectly used, do they become the de-motivation factors? Discussion of Dependent Variable Another part of the questionnaires touch base on work conditions, the salary of the employees in these firms, again are they motivation factors, purely, or could it become the opposite factors that drive down moral among the employees. From the results, are relationships with coworkers and the involvement of the manager or senior managers important? Do employees appreciate this [Brown, 1976]? The job itself is the motivation factors? The survey will be touched upon job stimulation and challenging in many areas. Are achievements and recognition for the job well done is the key motivators? Is job quality among the employees frame of minds? Relationship of the Independent variable to the Dependent variables The relationships between the both the Hygiene factors and the Motivation factors can be summed up as correlated [Brenner et. al, 1971]. The hygiene factors such as work conditions [Stead, 1972], salary [Behling et. al, 1968] if not implemented carefully, and then these factors will become hinder to keep employees motivated. The relationship with the peers and the immediate supervisor are they in the acceptable range [Brown, 1976]? Would the educational backgrounds make them closer in the workplace, hence it is one of the factors? Methods to use in this study The questionnaires were designed to cover many areas such as job satisfaction, compensation, recognition, participation, management, relationship, working environment, the quality of work as the key indicators also on how engage the employees are with the organisation. The questionnaires will be sending via emails to the individual employees once the permission letters have to be approved by the firms. For those firms that contain field personnel which sometimes do not have access to computers or email accounts while on the roads, paper forms of questionnaires will be used in lieu of electronics email. The survey questions will base on the Likert system. In the questions about personal growth or invert looking of the employees, Strongly Agree, Agree, Neutral, Disagree and Strongly Disagree will be used to tally the results. Good, Average, Poor and Very Poor will be used in questions about the environment. Questions pertaining to employee engagement will also be used. Do they think th e company treating them right? Would they leave the organisation the first chance they get? Engagement also referred to how the organisation treats its employees. Does it care about basic conditions [Stead, 1972] of the organisation; is it too hot or too cold. Do people get a chance to participated in the decision making process? This aims to measure the retention and the measure if some of the motivation factors are being applied. As mentioned, the questionnaire will be distributed via email to all employees providing that they have access to email. If not hard copies will be used. The employee has about two weeks to complete the questionnaires. The questionnaires are in the Thai language as well as the English language. Once the employees fill the questionnaires in which by the way was design based on the Likert system of scales. With the size of the organisation, the study would expect 100% respond. When the tally is completed the results will be group into each category based on the responses. Approximately 250 responds will be expected and the Regression method of SPSS will be used to determine the results. Results will be representing in Microsoft Powerpoint format for ease of understanding. The presentation file then will be given to the senior manager in charge and actions to be taken discuss. Results- summary of the data to be collected 100% respond is expected since there are small numbers of firms chose and at the same time a small number of employees in each firm. However, the numbers expected in this study should not go below 200 responses to be conclusive to the findings. The data tallied will go through the process of regression analysis to conclude the findings and the final information prepare and present in Microsoft Powerpoint format. Hypotheses H1 Money is a key motivator One of the assumption or Hypothesis is: for the low hierarchical or flat organisational structure the money [Behling et. al, 1968] would be the key motivator H1. Herzberg (1959) in his theory about the money alone does not motivate [Herzberg et. al, 1959]. Would this study prove otherwise? H2 Is Job itself a motivator? Job satisfaction in doing a good quality job itself is self-fulfilling? H3 Advancement, personal achievement a key motivator Career and Training requirement from the employees as well as Responsibility especially in the Authority for decision making, are these key motivation factors. Discussion The working environment is also important. Per Herzbergs (1959) theory, if not implemented correctly, the working environmental would become an issue as a Hygiene factor, hence demotivate the employee or at least caused the level dissatisfaction to rise [Brenner et. al, 1971]. In the small group of people, the relationship in the work place ranked high. Is this due to fact that the majority of the employees are in the same age group and mostly male dominated workplace environment with similar educational background contribute to this fact? Support between divisions and strong working relationship are they have been established? Compensation and other benefits such as bonus have taken any part [Blakemore et. al, 1987]? Usually, bonus for these firms is being given at the end of the year. The fact that most bonuses are profit based, the amount of bonus pool depends on the firm performance for the entire year. Would the motivation factors link to the end results at year end? Further to the amount given to the individual also based upon the results of the Performance Appraisal that is being done twice a year. Department goals and company vision take part in clarity for employees of not? This would indicate that the employers have fulfil their part in the company or division objectives and willing to ensure its success [Locke, 1978]. Conceptual Framework The frame work or this study based it finding on the Employee Satisfaction Survey of a small size of multinational companies conducting businesses in Thailand where the number of employees is approximately 50 people each and 5 of these companies will be chosen. Approximately 250 responses are expected. Once the survey is done, data will be collected and tally for concluding the findings. The question asked will be at any given time what motivates people in a flat or low hierarchical organisation structure in Thailand will be the focal point. The results from the survey will be shared with the management of the firms to help improve the firms. This study can also be used to further study on key factors that employees seek as motivation themselves. Also based on Herzbergs findings and also to view the survey results, this study will also view this from Taylorism point of view in an attempt to conclude its findings. Figure 2. Conclusion To conclude what are the motivation factors in the low hierarchical organization in Thailand, the study need to establish that the firms meet the criteria. Criteria such as small size, no more than 50 employees, multinational organization conducting business in Thailand, three levels of hierarchy within the organization functioning for five years. These are some the requirements. Also the facts that firms chosen have fulfilled their own clarity requirement to their employees are essentials. Even though bonuses for each individual are substantial and should be taken in to consideration as part of the monetary compensation, these facts remain the unknown factors due to the nature of the monetary compensation cannot not be revealed by the firms management [Prendergast, 2002]. Is it doing a good job that what motivate the employees? Does stimulation come from the job nature, this is the question posted. Is a chance to help make a decision a motivation factors? This motivation factor need s further consideration since the company is run by management and by its nature; it cannot afford to be democratic. The closeness in working relationship [Brown, 1976], is it also a factor? The findings in this study hopefully will answer these questions. Aforementioned, if the findings will help the management in the selected firms benefits from its findings, the study will be proven most successful. Further, if the findings can somehow finds its way to help other similar organization, this would be the ultimate achievement. References Bassett-Jones, Nigel and Lloyd, Geoffrey C., Does Herzbergs motivation theory have staying power?, Journal of Management Development, 2005, Vol. 24, No. 10, pp. 929-943 Behling, Orlando, Lobovitz, George, Kosmo, Richard The Herzberg Controversy: A Critical Reappraisal, The Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 11, No. 1 (Mar., 1968), pp. 99-108 Blakemore, E., Low, Stuart A. Ormiston, Michael B., Employment Bonuses and Labor Turnover, Journal of Labor Economics, Vol. 5, No. 4, Part 2: The New Economics of Personnel (Oct., 1987), pp. S124-S135 Brenner, Vincent C., Carmack, Claude W., Weinstein, Mark G.,An Empirical Test of the Motivation-Hygiene Theory, Journal of Accounting Research, Vol. 9, No. 2 (Autumn, 1971), pp. 359-366 Brown, Matha A., Values A Necessary but Neglected Ingredient of Motivation on the Job, The Academy of Management Review, Vol. 1, No. 4 (Oct., 1976), pp. 15-23 Herzberg, F.I. 1987, One more time: How do you motivate employees?, Harvard Business Review, Sep/Oct87, Vol. 65 Issue 5, p109-120 Herzberg, F., Mausner, B. and Snyderman, B. (1959) The Motivation to Work, New York: John Wiley and Sons, Locke, Edwin A., The Ubiquity of the Technique of Goal Setting in Theories of and Approaches to Employee Motivation, The Academy of Management Review, Vol. 3, No. 3 (Jul., 1978), pp. 594-601 Prendergast, Canice, Uncertainty and Incentives, Journal of Labor Economics, Vol. 20, No. 2, Part 2: Compensation Strategy and Design (Apr., 2002), pp. S115-S137 Stead, Bette A., Berlos Communication Process Model as Applied to the Behavioral Theories of Maslow, Herzberg, and McGregor, The

Heroism in Beowulf Essay -- Epic of Beowulf Essay

Heroism in Beowulf A hero is one who is not only strong, but one who uses his strength to uphold others. A hero is humble, philanthropic, magnanimous and selfless, a humanitarian at best. In the unprecedented epic Beowulf, the tale’s namesake exemplifies every characteristic befitting an Anglo-Saxon hero. He is honest, loyal, and courageous. He portrays these characteristics in the battle against Grendel, the affray with Grendel’s mother, and the fight against the dragon that inevitably ended his life. Beowulf was a man of admirable exploits. He had the strength of thirty men in his arms, and would use this strength to aid anyone in need. Upon hearing of the plight of Grendel and the ill happenings in Hrothgar’s kingdom, Beowulf immediately gathered his entourage to help the king and defend Heorot. When Beowulf encountered the beast that had terrorized for 12 years, he single-handedly ripped off Grendel’s arm, an act ultimately killing the creature. To further delineate his heroism, Beowulf kept the arm as a trophy of his victory. Upon learning of her son’s death, Grendel...

Special People in Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep :: Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep Essays

Special People in Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep â€Å"The old man said, â€Å"You will be required to do wrong no matter where you go. It is the basic condition of life, to be required to violate your own identity† (156). This statement made me recall several essays that I read by William Butler Yeats. The central idea in Yeats essays was that we are all raised in a myth. We are all taught to exist as metaphors, as symbols of something supposedly greater than ourselves, and, as Dick says, â€Å"violate your own identity†. My response to this supposition is to wonder how are we to find that identity when we have been taught to be something other than that individual identity? And what happens to those who refuse to be ‘symbols’? If we are, as Yeats postulates, merely symbols of something greater then how are we to uncover first what that symbol represents, and second, how that symbol represents our true self? It seems to me that as people become symbols they become abstract, something ideal rather than real. Thus, we are all living an illusory existence, an existence created by others. Dick says further, â€Å"At some time, every creature which lives must do so. It is the ultimate shadow, the defeat of creation; this is the curse at work, the curse that feeds on all life. Everywhere in the universe† (156). I agree with Dick’s assertion that every person who lives is handed a metaphor but I also believe that the majority of those persons do not even recognize or acknowledge that they are living as a metaphor. It seems to me that the key to self-discovery is to recognize and acknowledge that you are living a lie that was encoded into your psyche before and after your birth. How does one continue to live as a mere symbol after acknowledging such a thing? Of course, millions do just that. But there are those people in the world that refuse to be metaphors, refuse to be symbols. It is in these people that we receive the wellspring of truth, whether we want it or not. Which brings us to Dick’s next statement that, â€Å"Once pegged as special, a citizen, even if accepting sterilization, dropped out of history. He ceased, in effect, to be part of mankind.† (13). Now in Dick’s interpretation of ‘special’, he is referring to those that society deems less than perfect – those that do not meet the specifications of the metaphor.

Economic Growth :: Economy Economics Governmental Essays

Economic growth is the most important study in economics today. The first book on economics was by Adam Smith The Wealth of Nations the full title was the Inquire Into The Nature And Sources Of The Wealth Of Nations. â€Å"Economic growth determines a countries future, and economic growth in the past determines a countries present as far as it’s material values are concerned.† (Buechner Recording) So every material value of the modern world is a result economic growth in the past, or your standard of living is the result of economic growth in the past. Economic growth in the future will determine whether or not there is rising or falling economic wealth, and coordinated with that whether or not the standard of living in the future continues to rise or fall. For example: In 1870 England was the leading industrial power of the globe, and as a consequence it also was the leading political power of the globe. According to M. Northrup Buechner the real wage rate in England is estimated to have been about 50% higher than the real wage rate in other European countries at that time. (Recording) It was about 1870 because of the rise of statist policies and ideologies that rate of growth in England started to lag behind that of the other European Countries. It didn’t lag a lot Buechner states the statistical estimate was less than one percent a year, however for a period of 10 or 20 years that’ll make a difference hardly anybody would notice. Yes maybe so, but if you compound that interest rate over 100 years what you get is what you see today. England is essentially a third rate economic power, and the real wage rate in England today is estimated to be â€Å"about 33% less than the real wage rate in other European countries.à ¢â‚¬  (Buechner Recording) In 1870 the United States in 1870 was an economically backward, internationally insignificant, and unimportant country in the world with respect to matters regarding foreign affairs. According to Buechner it was about 1870 when the United States embarked on a growth rate of over 5% percent a year, which was sustained for a period of over 40 years. (Recording) No country in the history of the world matched that record. At the end of that period about the time of World War I the United States took Britain’s place as the leading industrial power of the globe.

Primary ethical considerations Essay

Ethical norms are the moral standards that help us judge good from bad or right from wrong and living morally. This involves articulating the good habits or character that we should have, the consequences of our behavior on us and others and the duties that we are supposed to follow. Ethical issues touch on the basis of an individual belief and they are bound to differ with individuals depending on cultural and social factors of the individual. McKinney (2004) explains that the primary ethical considerations for teachers in a K-8 education setting   is a form of applied ethics that evaluates ethical guidelines and moral issues that can come up in a classroom environment. The following section will highlight McKinney (2004) ten main principles which teachers in K-8 classes are supposed to follow and adhere to: Establish the significance of academic integrity Schools are committed to pursing integrity and truth; teachers in K-8 should confirm and reestablish the need for integrity and truth based on particular main values such as honest civility and diligence. Teachers need to show and encourage students to practice this. Promote love of learning Teachers in K-8 have an ethical duty to reinforce and foster better class environment for learning. Many children will succeed and thrive in an environment where learning and schooling is viewed as challenging, useful, pertinent and fair. Treat children as ends in teaching Teachers in K-8 should treat their students as being an end and not means children require personal attention and thoughtfulness. The students will in general respond through respecting what the teacher’s values and norms and be committed to academics Foster an atmosphere of trust within the classroom Many students are young and require and value an atmosphere where trust is freely earned as it is given. Enhance student accountability for integrity in academics Young students want to learn in schools where integrity justice and respect is adhered to, while dishonest is punished. With correct direction and leadership, students can cultivate strong accountability to assist in promoting and protecting high levels of integrity in academic work. Formulate just and appropriate assessment forms Students expect to be assessed with fairness using appropriate methods. Teachers in K-8 classes should use, and regularly modify forms of evaluation   and tests which need active thought and enhance learning activities for the students. Challenge any dishonest in learning when it happens Children see how teachers act and what values they hold. Teachers who overlook trivialized dishonest in academics, convey a message that, the teacher do not value core values of academic and that these core values are not worth following. In addition to this the teachers should: †¢ Assist in defining and supporting entire school academic integrity and honesty †¢ Limit chances for students to participate in dishonesty in class and school as a whole †¢ Clarify your expectations for class and students in particular Conclusion The classroom and teaching environment in general during the 21st century have become more complex and demanding. Consequently, the need for more ethical teaching behavior, actions and processes is increasing. As McKinney (2004) notes pressure has been mounted on the teachers in a K-8 to observe and improve their ethics through laws and refined public initiatives. The variety and extent of ethical issues in teaching shows the extent to which ethical values differ and need to be upheld.   Ã‚  This paper has outline several main ethical issues that teachers in K-8 will should follow to establish better values in their class room

Athens of the north

â€Å" Auld Reekie † and â€Å" Athens of the North † : depict how the designers of Edinburgh from the mid 18th century to the mid 19th attempted to associate ( physically and visually ) the Old Town and the New Town. The monikers â€Å" Auld Reekie † and â€Å" Athens of the North † are symbols of two really different times during Edinburgh ‘s Past and of two every bit contrasting countries in its cityscape. Before the eighteenth century, Edinburgh consisted of the country now known as the old town. This comprised a dumbly populated colony straddling the tail of the antediluvian volcanic stopper that is castle stone. Conditionss in this country were crowded and frequently disgusting. This was the consequence of 100s of old ages of irrational determinations and complete deficiency of town planning and sanitation. â€Å" Auld † translates straight as â€Å" Old † and â€Å" Reekie † refers to the smoky environment caused by the high concentration of chimneys, but besides intimations at the malodor. In this manner, I feel that the moniker â€Å" Auld Reekie † connotes everything that the old town represented during this clip. In the same manner I feel that â€Å" Athens of the North † represents the hope and aspirations of the Scots enlightenment manifested in the New Town. In my essay I shall exemplify how and why Edinburgh developed from â€Å" Auld Reekie † to the â€Å" Athens of the North † and discourse how the designers during this period attempted to link both visually and physically the Old and New Town. The â€Å" Scots Enlightenment † refers to a extremely influential period of Scots History during the eighteenth century. It was a clip when Scotland excelled as a state specifically in the field of academe and scientific discipline. This included doctrine, economic sciences, technology, architecture, medical specialty, geology, archeology, jurisprudence, agribusiness, chemical science, and sociology. Possibly the greatest indicant of the enormousness of the success at the clip was the literacy degrees. By 1750, Scots were among the most literate citizens of Europe, with an estimated 75 % degree of literacy. Although the exact ground for this monolithic rational patterned advance is non wholly clear, it is really much linked with a closely knit group of Scots faculty members and union members. This included Francis Hutcheson, Alexander Campbell, David Hume, Adam Smith, Thomas Reid, Robert Burns, Adam Ferguson, Robert Adam, John Playfair, Joseph Black and James Hutton. Many of them were based in Edinburgh at the University and met and discussed their thoughts on a regular basis in a societal context. It is this coaction, unlike their European coevalss that is said to be the cardinal their success. As a symbol of this accomplishment Edinburgh was ab initio referred to as the â€Å" Athens of the North † in mention to the academic success instead than architectural features of Athens. During the first half of the eighteenth century, it is clear that Edinburgh had become no lucifer to its equivalents South of the boundary line. To many of its citizens, peculiarly to its blue bloods and concern people it had become an embarrassment to Scotland, particularly in position of the enlightenment. As Robert Chambers describes it, it had become: â€Å" a narrow, foul, provincial town † or in John Taylor ‘s words â€Å" makes this state so much despis ‘d by the English † There were many jobs with the town but possibly the most urgent issue was that of sewerage disposal. Due a deficiency sanitation, the dwellers of the old town had became accustomed to the mediaeval solution of flinging there waste out of the Windowss and into the troughs and side streets. Up until this point, it had been a comparatively satisfactory solution as tenement blocks were restricted in tallness and the wet clime of Scotland merely washed away the sewerage down the steep gradients. As the edifices became higher due to a higher population denseness, the issue became apartment as waste began hitting the walls of next edifices and most infamously worse, set downing on walkers. This was non a job in illustrations of English metropoliss at the clip so it is non hard to see why some Scots would hold been ashamed of their state ‘s capital. Despite this, harmonizing to Charles McKean, it is a common misconception that the dwellers of Edinburgh during this clip were despairing for the development of a new town. In his transition Twining metropoliss: modernization versus betterment in the town of Edinburgh he argues that the determination to construct the new town came from a more complex political docket instead than a common feeling of dissatisfaction towards the old town. It seems that there were two distinguishable sentiments, one was to better the old town, and the other was to construct a new one. McKean stresses that our cognition of the status of the old town comes from text written by those who were for the building of the new town and there for could be inaccurate. Despite this, the cardinal point is that Edinburgh was in demand for alteration. Part of Edinburgh ‘s death can be attributed to pretermit by the authorities in England dating back to the formation of the brotherhood in 1603. It seems that as the power shifted from Edinburgh to London, so did much of the wealth and as a consequence the economic system of Edinburgh suffered greatly during this clip. By the early eighteenth century the state of affairs was so bad that the council appealed to the King George to salvage Edinburgh from its diminution. After having no response the council attempted to take action towards the dissolution of the Union, nevertheless they were unsuccessful as they lacked fiscal support. Despite this, Edinburgh finally gained from the Union. During Georgian times many programs went in front to better the old town. These included the cleaning up of the old town and the redevelopment of many of its edifices. Due to Edinburgh ‘s alone topography, development of the old town was really restricted, particularly to the North. As a con sequence, new developments ab initio went in front in the countries South of the old town. This consisted chiefly of the neo-classical development of Bearfords Park consisting what is now George square and the Design of the New College by Robert Adam. The concluding motive for the development of the new town to the North came when Edinburgh was pressured into forestalling its elite from flying to London. As Charles McKean puts it â€Å" Since Edinburgh needed to retain ‘people of rank and of a certain luck ‘ , it required an blue suburb entirely for them † The First and most obvious physical nexus between the Old Town and New Town came with the building of the north span between 1769 and 1772. This was constructed after the determination had been made to construct the new town to the North. Constructing a span over the Nor Loch vale had been on the cards for over a century but it was non until the council received authorities support for the development of the new town that plans went in front. The span spanned the vale of the Nor Loch and for the first clip, allowed entree to the old town from the North. Equally good as easing the building of the new town by supplying a critical nexus, it besides created a more direct path to the port of Leith which improved trading in the old town. The original span was constructed from rock and included three primary arches. Merely after its completion the span collapsed due to structural lacks killing 5 people. The job was caused by old ages of dirt build up from old town diggings which created big hills of â€Å" traveled Earth † along the embankment of the old town crag. The applied scientists had underestimated the deepness of this loose dirt which finally led to the catastrophe. By 1772 it was reconstructed with more significant foundations. In alliance with the north span is the south span. This was completed subsequently in 1788 and spanned the every bit debatable depression of the Cowgate to the South. Built from rock and consisting of 22 arches, the span was constructed chiefly in order to associate the high street with the university but besides to let for entree to the spread outing developments to the South. Coupled with the north span, this extremely undervalued viaduct linked the new town suitably to the educational bosom of the old town. Although there were many others involved, the design for the new town is credited to the immature designer James Craig. Like many of the people involved in the construct for a new town and in true spirit of the enlightenment, Craig was a strong truster in the brotherhood. This unionist docket was reflected really literally in his initial proposal which in program formed a brotherhood doodly-squat. This vision was subsequently dropped due to a combination of it non being possible to build ( because of the angles which it created ) and a general feeling of public disfavor towards its symbolism. Subsequent alterations were made to the program and in 1767 the program that we know today was finalised. From above, Craig made assorted ocular links with the old town. The first and most noteworthy of these is the alliance of the new town. The program comprises three chief streets ; Queens St, George St and Princess St. These were aligned parallel to the royal stat mi and in making so created an obvious apposition between the old and new town. The streets are besides about a stat mi long and integrate a square at either at either terminal ( Charlotte Sq and St Andrew Sq ) . This rather literally reflects the composing of the old town where the Castle and Holyrood Palace take their topographic point at either terminal of the east-west aligned high street that is about a stat mi long. Further ocular connexions to the old town were made by Craig in the agreement of the streets which run perpendicular to these primary streets. These consist of Charlotte St, Castle St, Frederick St, Hanover St and St David ‘s St. These streets were intended to aline with the cardinal characteristics in the old town in order to do a ocular connexion. The best illustration of this is Castle st, which as its name suggests, is in line with the palace. What we now know as Princess Street was besides ab initio to be named St Giles St in mention to the cathedral in the old town. Additional physical connexions between the towns were made in 1759 with the draining of the Nor Loch and subsequent creative activity of the hill. The completion of this draining allowed for subsequently prosaic entree between the towns over what is now the Princess St gardens ( an country that had been antecedently unaccessible ) . The hill, coupled with the north span, formed a secondary vehicular entree path to the old town. The steep embankment was formed utilizing dirt exctevated when run outing the Loch together with landfill from the old town. The individual responsible for the subsequent architectural success of the hill and besides credited as the primary designer to which Edinburgh owes its rubric ; the â€Å" Athens of the North † is William Henry Playfair. Playfair was a Scots designer and is considered to be one of the cardinal figures of the Grecian resurgence in Scotland. His influence on the architecture of new town was monolithic, peculiarly in illustrations o f some of the more iconic edifices. A cardinal illustration of this was his engagement with the Calton hill development get downing in 1818-1820 and his committee for the Royal Institution and Observatory edifices. Subsequently, Playfair besides took over the undertaking that was to be the greatest attempted testimonial to Athens in northern Europe. This was the proposal in 1924 to construct an exact reproduction of the Parthenon. Despite the fact that the undertaking was ne'er completed as a consequence of a deficiency of finance, I feel that it creates one of the most dramatic ocular statements in Edinburgh. In my sentiment the national memorial on Calton hill reflects the Castle on Castle stone and in making creates a cardinal ocular nexus between â€Å" Auld Reekie † and the â€Å" Athens of the North † . Both are situated in an elevated place on top of volcanic stones are both symbolic of the old and new town. In 1822 Playfair received the committee to plan the Ro yal Institution Building on the hill. As the primary edifice site which sits straight between the old and new town the hill posed a challenge. Playfair ‘s solution to this exposed location was to plan it in the signifier of a Doric temple. On the site straight behind the establishment, Playfair was subsequently commissioned to plan the national gallery in 1853. This likewise took the signifier of a Grecian Temple merely this clip in an Ionic manner and included far more improvisation. Together, the edifices form an obvious ocular nexus to the old town. In decision I feel that many connexions were made between the old and new town. These facilitated the integrating of the New and old town at a physical and experiential degree. However, despite these ocular and physical links, in my sentiment there is no existent connexion between the nucleus kernel of the old and new town. To me this is illustrated most clearly in position of the brotherhood. As a defensive colony built to fend off the English, the old town is symbolic of a reluctant ( still existent ) Scots mentality where alteration and development are non on the skyline. Contrastingly, the new town is a symbol of the brotherhood and of the forward thought attack which prevailed during the Scots Enlightenment.In this manner, together with its neoclassical architecture I think the New Town is meriting of its comparing to ancient Greece in its name â€Å" Athens of the North † . The disjuncture between the political orientations of the two towns is reflected in their architec tural features where there are virtually no similarities. Although there are many illustrations of neo-classical architecture in the old town, to me these are merely portion of the new town political orientation and do n't stand for an architectural connexion. The ground there is no architectural mention to the old town is because at the clip, the manner to show these new ideals was by utilizing the Grecian Classical linguistic communication. This is the instance in all illustrations of the Grecian resurgence in Europe, but was possibly most apparent in Edinburgh. Today, the architectural linguistic communication for optimism and alteration tends to stem from the international manner and accordingly allows for mentions to the history and civilization of its context. Some of the best illustrations of this can now be found on the royal stat mi where the mediaeval linguistic communication of the old town has been used. In a modern context, given the chance to heighten the architectural connexion between the old and new town, I would follow this attack.BibliographyCampbell, I, /Stewart, M, /McKean, C, ( 2005 ) Edinburgh: The Making of a Capital City, Edinburgh, Edinburgh University PressGlendinning, M, /MacKechnie, A, ( 2004 ) Scots Architecture, London, Thames and HudsonCoghill, H, ( 2005 ) Lost Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Antony Rowe LtdCruft, K, ( 1995 ) James Craig: The Ingenious Architect of the New Town of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Mercat PressLindsay, M, ( 1981 ) The Buildings of Edinburgh, London, Batsford LtdNimmo, I, ( 1991 ) Edinburgh: The New Town, Edinburgh, John Donald PublishersCrossland, J, ( 1966 ) Victorian Edinburgh, London, Wayfair PublishersGow, I, ( 1984 ) Scots Pioneers of the Greek Revival, Edinburgh, Nic AllenRock, J, ( 1984 ) Thomas Hamilton Architect, Edinburgh, Featherhall PressFraser, A, ( 1989 ) The Building of the Old College, Edinburgh, Edinburgh University PressClarke, M, ( 2004 ) The Playfair Project, Edinburgh, TNGSInternet Beginningshyper text transfer protocol: //www.bbc.co.uk/history/scottishhistory/enlightenmenthypertext transfer protocol: //www.edinburghacademy.org.uk/curriculum/history/enlightenmenthypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Town, _Edinburghhypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nor_Lochhypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Bridge, _Edinburghhypertext transfer protocol: //whc.unesco.org/en/list/728hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Town, _Edinburghhypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Gileshypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mound

Case study of CVS

According to the filed work results made by PSI team, we know that approximately one in four scripts experienced a problem at some point in fulfillment process. As we all know, the fulfillment process is critical for the transfer of the customer’s need into reality. An inefficient process would lead to a poor pharmacy service which would depress the recent customer. It’s certainly true that a better fulfillment process could prevent 60%-90% of the customer defection that were due to service.We know come up with solutions to deal with the problems now exist in the CVS fulfillment process. Improvement would never happen until changes are made. On the one hand, CVS should design a more efficient flow chat to reduce the inherent risks and inefficiency during the process. A proper flow chat should start with the analysis of the existing process situation in CVS and find out the bottle neck in the process. On the other hand, from the case, we know that a number of problems co uld occur in the part of Data entry.For example, customers pay the prescription and soon leaving the pharmacy, but the prescription may appear without drugs or the payment will not covered by their insurance. When they come back to pick drugs, they would be give nothing but dissatisfied. If things go on like this, customer satisfaction and customer loyalty will inevitably be effected . In order to reduce the defections in this part, changes should be made . CVS Pharmacy should build a comprehensive information system. The IT system should have enough function to support the operation.The doctor can upload the prescription after diagnosing, then the tech of pharmacy can check the prescription online and finish the remaining work. For the problem of no refill allowed, the IT system which contains prescription guidance by selecting the personal information of the patient in history. For the problem of DUR Hard Stop, IT at CVS should cut down the time for drug review. Since the possibil ity of different drug to drug interaction have the different time, IT system should have the ability to recognized the maximum time for major drug interaction which would absolutely improve the efficiency.Also the customers can login the system to check whether their prescription has been completed to decide when they go to take the drugs. After the above improvement, the most likely part to have problems is the situation at the pickup window at peak period. When customers came after work to pick up the prescriptions, most locations found it difficult to staff this time period simply because pharmacy employees did not want to work then. To address this problem, we feel that we can create some self-dispensary machines, just like ATM, so that the customers can take their prescriptions on the machine by themselves.Because of the establishment of the IT system, there will not be wooden boxes in use. If the system design is too complex, people will feel it is more efficient to use the or iginal method. The results may cause the failure of the changes. In order to prevent backsliding, the system must be easy to use so that both customers and staffs can use it conveniently. Pharmacy Service Initiative can greatly promote the customers’ pickup speed, save time, improve efficiency. Nothing could be better than that to be more attractive to consumers.Faster pickup-rate than other pharmacies can let CVS win more customers, increase customer loyalty, and attract new customers patronizing. Now most people complain about taking drugs,which is not only wasting long time to queue but also having complicated steps. If we can solve this problem, it will be a milepost of pharmaceutical service industry. This is a great opportunity for CVS companies to increase their market share, to defeat the competitor, and to become a leader in pharmacy.The economic benefits it brings to CVS is self-evident. Has the absolute authority is an absolute superiority on the pharmaceutical ind ustry, after that it will be hard to endanger the status and influence of CVS. In addition to economic benefits, the reform also brings many benefits to the internal stability of company. Not only reducing the customers’ complaints and churn rate, but also greatly improving the employee’s satisfaction and reducing turnover rate. These make CVS having more stable and rapid development.